Today
we saw a castle, two Shinto shrines, a Zen and a Buddhist temple.
Our first stop was Nijo Castle. Past the moat and into the side gate, Masako, our guide, showed us a diorama of samurai warriors. She described how the samurais lived, worked and fought. She told us about Shoguns, Japan’s feared warlords, and how their dynasties began and evolved over time. I was amused to learn that the title Sei-i Taishōgun originally meant “Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians.” (I don’t remember if James Clavell mentioned that in his novel “Shogun”, my entertaining, but surely incomplete introduction to feudal Japan.) The Emperor commissioned the Shogun and his army to annihilate the rebels, the barbarians referred to in the title, who lived in the outskirts of Japan. The Shoguns eventually became more powerful than the Emperor.
The
samurais were loyal to the Shogun; he was to them above everything, including
life itself. They carried the Shogun in a palanquin, wherever he travelled; in
this case, over 500 miles from Edo (Tokyo’s old name) to Kyoto. Ieyasu, the
most powerful Shogun of all, was a big man. I imagined a situation like this …
Palanquin bearers –
Their knees buckle: weight's one thing;
His wind another.
We
entered the castle grounds through a towering gate. I was very impressed by the
curved thatched roof. I thought only the English can do thatch roof. I was even
more impressed when I learned the roof was not made of reeds or rushes, but of
cypress bark laid on top of each other. The roof was at least two-foot thick;
Masako said they last for at least 30 years. The pediment of the gate has
intricate carvings of plants and birds, particularly cranes, and bears the
16-petal gold chrysanthemum insignia of the imperial family.
Nijo
Castle was the Shogun’s residence when he stayed in Kyoto. It has the famous
nightingale floor. Designed to signal the presence of assassins inside the
Shogun’s quarters, light pressure on this floor triggered latches that produced
chirping sounds of birds. That way, his bodyguards were alerted. I first
learned about it from reading Lian Hearn’s novel “Across the Nightingale Floor”
many years ago. Imagine my excitement at actually walking on one!
Tiptoe with great care
lest you trigger the latches -
the nightingale floor!
By nightingale's trill
the assassin shall be known -
Death had such sweet sound.
Nijo
Castle has a magnificent garden – ancient pine trees, artfully placed rocks,
artificial waterfalls, and clear ponds. Trees symbolize flesh, rocks bones, and
water blood. The guide told us as beautiful as the garden is viewed outside, it
was designed to be viewed from inside the Shogun’s chambers.
The view from inside –
Garden framed by sliding screens.
A pine needle falls.
Water, rocks and trees –
Seen a hundred arrangements,
one girl, many clothes.
Pines in the garden,
what secrets you must have heard!
Did you tell the birds?
Water ebbs and flows,
rocks remain still forever –
Movement and purpose.
Rocks on this garden,
teach me how to do nothing,
stand still, and listen.
Masako
gave us an excellent tour of the Shogun’s chambers. The nightingale floor still
works and we walked around accompanied, as it were, by the sound of chirping
birds. These were noteworthy to me: while the windows bear the same basic
frame, each one has a unique and distinctive design; the colors of the ceiling
remain vibrant; the paintings on the wall screens depict the four seasons and
look so serene; figures of peacocks, cranes and flowers were carved on the
pediments, some of which were gilded; each chamber was assigned a different
function. The higher the status of the person, the bigger the meeting room. In
the grand receiving room, mannequins were positioned to depict ranks and power
distance. The ranks proceed in this manner: relatives of the Shoguns first; his
loyal samurais next; conquered enemies last. In the Shogun’s bedroom, several
women attended to him. They, too, had ranks, partly indicated by eyebrows or
more precisely the lack of them. The thinner the eyebrows (or practically
none), the higher the status. These women carried daggers in their kimonos.
They, too, like the samurai, were ready to die for the Shogun. One last thing:
Masako said the concubine system did not start mainly for the pleasure of the
Shogun or the Emperor. Its main purpose was to ensure the leaders had male
heirs, something having only one wife did not guarantee. (N.B. Cameras are not
allowed inside the chambers.)
Paintings on the screen
captured time and the seasons –
Spring stayed in one room.
The empty castle –
Samurai ghosts and rumours
are all that remain.
The
Japanese lords were paradoxically sensitive (they wrote poetry and had
sophisticated aesthetic sensibilities) and brutal at the same time (they didn’t
hesitate to have anyone executed). They had power over the life and death of
their soldiers, subjects and servants. Masako told us what it was like to be a
helper …
The palace helper,
poor girl, broke an ancient vase –
Dismissed by dying.
From
Nijo Castle, we drove to Kitano Tenmangu, our first Shinto shrine. It is one of
many shrines dedicated to Sugawara Michizane, a scholar and politician, who was
ruined by rivals and was unfairly sent to exile. When he died, many disasters
were attributed to his vengeful spirit, so shrines were erected to appease him.
Being a scholar, Michizane was associated with Tenjin, the Shinto god of
education. Students regularly come to this shrine to pray for good results on
their exams.
Shintoism
does not have a founder or a doctrine. Shintoists worship nature and animals as
well the spirits of dead relatives. Any relative who died became a guardian
immediately.
Spirits of trees, mountains
and animals – Gods and Guardians.
Man and nature: One.
Respect for nature –
Shintos revere the spirits.
Trees dance, winds whisper.
The
tall, red arches are called torii gates. They separate the material from the
spiritual world. They are painted red (some have faded to red orange) because
the color red supposedly had the power to drive away evil spirits.
Here stops earthly things,
Inside – Spirituality.
The Gate divides them.
Our
last site for the morning was the Kinkakuji or the Golden Pavilion. This Zen
Temple was the retirement villa of Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, who lived in the
14th century. The Pavilion had three floors, the first of which was
made of wooden pillars and white plaster walls, typical of Japanese palaces of
the period. The second floor was built in the style of samurai residences, with
its exterior completely covered in gold leaf. The third
and uppermost floor, built in the style of a Chinese Zen Hall, was gilded
inside and out, and was capped with a golden phoenix. The Pavilion was built in
a vast estate planted with maple trees with tiny leaves, and overlooked a large
pond. It struck me as a fairy tale castle, like one of those enchanted places
where a fox, disguised as a beautiful woman, lures an unsuspecting man with
whom she’s fallen in love.
Cicadas
crying
as we
entered the Temple –
Peace
could not compete.
Koi fish in the pond,
look what we turned them into –
mendicants for food.
Dragonfly hunters,
did you see the big black one?
A feast for koi fish!
Outside the monk’s house in the villa is
a Japanese rock garden, the one where sand is neatly combed in circles. The
trees around the house are ancient. One particular pine is reportedly more than
600 year old. The place looked quite serene.
Stillness in the sand,
roiling sea inside the mind –
Reconciliation.
Before
we left Kinkakuji, Masako showed us some photos taken inside the Golden
Pavilion. The three floors, the make of which I described earlier, were sealed
from public view, so we had no idea how they looked like inside. One photo
showed the sky reflected on the 3rd floor.
Blue skies on the floor
of the Temple Pavilion –
Lacquer outshines gold!
Masako
informed us that the gold covering the 2nd and 3rd floors
of the Pavilion practically exhausted Japan’s gold supply at that time. She
added gold, however, was not the most expensive material in the Pavilion. It
was lacquer. (I read a bit of a history and, yes, there were many instances
when gold wasn’t the most sought after commodity.)
Some things were priced more:
Tulips, nutmeg and lacquer –
heavier than gold.
Clouds
gathered as we boarded the bus. It was so humid, I didn’t mind some rain.
Ramble on dark clouds,
I've been waiting for cold rain –
Be gone foul summer!
Lunch was served at Public House, a
cosmopolitan pub. However (and we approved), the food was Japanese – vegetable
tempura, tomago, pot chicken and rice. I would really miss these meals. The
freshness of the food got into me. We sat with a Filipina and her (probably)
Japanese-American husband. She was surprisingly unfriendly; barely smiled,
hardly spoke. It was her husband who tried to engage us in a conversation. Oh,
well.
We began the afternoon tour with a visit
to Todaiji Temple, which was built in the Nara Period (710-794 AD) at the
command of Emperor Shomu. Its object of worship is the Vairocana Buddha or “the
Buddha that shines throughout the world like the sun.” The Buddha’s statue is
made from cast bronze, plated with gold. It towers around 15 meters high; its
face alone is about 5.3 meters long. It weighs 500 tons. It was consecrated in
752, but was damaged and replaced several times in the following centuries.
The
statue is housed by the Daibutsen or
the Great Buddha Hall. It was a sight to behold! In its original state, the
Hall was 47 meters high, 51 meters long, and 88 meters wide. Unfortunately, in
the course of the civil wars that plagued Japan, the Hall was destroyed by fire
in 1180. It was rebuilt in 1195, but burned down again in 1567. Reconstruction
did not take place until much, much later and its size was considerably
reduced. It is now only 33% of what it used to be, yet still big enough to
claim the title “the largest wooden structure in the world.”
We
entered Todaiji through the Nandai-mon
or the Great South Gate. This Gate was completed in 1203, along with the two
gigantic statues of guardian dieties, the Two
Ni-o, housed in on its left and right sides. It has a double hip-and-gable
roof, supported by 18 cypress pillars that are 21 meters high. Overall, the
structure is over 25 meters high.
Deer,
deemed as sacred animals in this place, are overly familiar with tourists and
freely roam the vicinity.
A deer at Nara –
Friendly as a con artist,
ate the man's ticket.
Binzuru
Harada was one of the Buddha’s first and most devout disciples. Unfortunately,
he broke his vow of chastity and was forbidden to enter Nirvana. Still kindly
and generous, he roamed the earth ministering to and healing the sick. Pilgrims
rubbed Harada’s statue, then touched the part of their bodies, which hurt. The
act was supposed to alleviate their pain, if not heal it altogether.
Outside Buddha's Hall,
sits Binzuru Harada –
Outcast forever.
The
sheer size of the Hall and the statue of the Buddha were overwhelming. When I
see structures like these (e.g. the great cathedrals of Europe), I’m reminded
of the role religion plays in people’s lives. It’s such a driving force. These
structures took years (some took centuries) to build! The people’s faith in their
respective gods sustained their focus and energy, and the pouring of resources.
How then to preserve these structures?
You need religion
to build a Buddha that grand –
Tourists to save it.
On
consecration day, a revered monk from India came over to paint the Buddha’s
eyes.
The monk took up brush
and painted the Buddha's eyes –
Behold, he's alive!
The weight of stillness
hangs on Buddha's metal brows.
Birds poop on his head.
Behind
the Buddha, there were two gigantic wooden statues, one of which was standing
on top of a fearsome, but crushed dragon-like monster. It had a stern look on
its face. I asked what it symbolized.
The guardian had brush
and paper. He monitored
foolish behaviour.
I
wished for rain earlier. I deeply regretted it. Be careful what you wish for …
Clear in the morning,
the skies had clouded over –
Rain, you're capricious!
The
tour proceeded to Kasuga Taisha, Nara’s most celebrated Shinto shrine. The rain
was oppresive, a number of our tour mates decided to stay on the bus, Tatay
being one of them. The three of us decided we would not be deterred.
Kasuga Taisha is famous for the
lanterns donated by its worshipers. Hundreds of bronze lanterns can be found
hanging from the buildings while as many stone lanterns line its approaches. The
lanterns are lit twice a year – first during the Lantern Festivals in early
February; and second, during the Bon Festival in mid-August. Bon is the Japanese custom of honoring the spirits of one’s
ancestors, akin to our All Souls Day.
There are several other shrines in the woods around
Kasuga Taisha, twelve of which are on the path past the main shrine complex and
comprise a tour of the twelve lucky gods. Like Todaiji Temple, the shrine is
populated by wild deer and jungle crows. (I initially thought they were ravens
because of their size; they were unusually huge for crows.)
We encountered non-stop heavy rain
during our visit here. Despite umbrellas, we were soaked from head to foot.
Shinto
or Buddhist?
The
rain is irreligious –
Deers
graze everywhere.
Hundreds of lanterns
to make your wishes come true –
Rains can’t be bothered.
Forests of lanterns,
centuries of well-wishers –
Have gods favored one?
Stone lanterns' response –
Unconditional silence
to offered prayers.
For all our prayers,
evil refuses to leave –
Crows cawing outside.
Lanterns reflected
in puddles after the rain –
A sea of wishes.
Masako
led us to the inner court. We had a view of the bronze lanterns, offerings made
by samurais. We also saw a thousand-year old cypress tree with a massive burl.
But the one that impressed me most was the ancient wisteria.
Six hundred-year old
wisteria in the Temple –
Still blooms in mid-May.
From the phalanx of lanterns to the bus was
quite a walk, especially under heavy downpour.
An
eerie feeling –
Being
watched by a black bird
perched
on a red gate.
Huge crow looking down -
Indifferent to tourists,
shakes off summer rain.
Even the big deer
could have used an umbrella –
Such heavy downpour.
We
passed by a souvenir shop, not so much to buy stuff but to use its clean
toilets. I was soaking wet. It was a good thing Jason brought an extra shirt I
could change into. I was more concerned about my shoes. I only had a pair; to
be sure, they won’t be dry by tomorrow.
Rhodora
found something to buy – a door chime. I quite like the sound it makes. We
asked the storekeeper what metal it’s made of. She didn’t speak English very
well, but managed to say, “F-e.” Iron. She knew her chemistry.
Like a chirping bird
in summer, hopping gaily –
The red metal chime.
Rain
continued on our way home. I took the chance to ask Masako about Japanese
literature – best haiku books, novels (classic and contemporary), history books
and travel guides. I was surprised she hasn’t heard of Pico Iyer’s “The Lady
and The Monk”; it was supposed to be a definitive guide about Kyoto. Well,
maybe not for the Japanese. Masako gave me a list of books, which I hope to
secure.
I’ve
actually read a number of Japanese novels (Kawabata’s, Mishima’s, and Soseki’s)
and fairy tales (from Ozaki’s wonderful collection). I like Neil Gaiman’s
retelling of “The Dreamhunters”, which I recounted to Rhodora on the bus. Seems
to me, they have a common strain.
Japanese stories -
filled with beauty and sadness.
Love and death entwined.
The
bus dropped us off at the New Miyako Hotel, which was almost across Kyoto
Station. Instead of heading straight to our hotel, we decided to walk to the
Avanti Department Store, where Masako said there’s a good bookstore. I wanted
to get the books she recommended. On our way to Avanti, we noticed the birds
were louder than the passing cars and buses.
Sheltered by maples,
birds trilled loudly in the rain –
Wringing wet we walked.
We
had dinner at the Kyoto Wakuden, which was highly recommended by our guide and
the hotel staff. Its coveted seats offered a panoramic view of the Kyoto
mountains and the nearby Kyoto Tower. Unfortunately (and not surprisingly) all
the seats were taken and we had to settle for a table. We didn’t really mind.
What
can I say? The food was excellent! For appetizers, we had soup
(charcoal-grilled cutlass fish with green chili and eggplant) and scallop with
vegetables. Warm green tea was served, followed by tempura of young sweet fish
flavored with a leaf bud. Cold sake was introduced after. (Jason didn’t like
anything alcoholic, but we encouraged him to take a sip. He did. He didn’t like
it, but he was taken by the tiny bamboo cup on which it was served, so much so
we bought the cup so he can keep it as a souvenir.) Our side dish was soba, and
for the main course, we had pike eel cooked in a small pot, flavored with
“yuzu”, a Japanese citrus. The whole thing was so tasty, we asked for double
helpings of boiled rice. Rhodora and I asked for one last cup of tea.
When
we later did our Top 3 Things about Japan, food came out on top. Temples and
castle were 2nd and 3rd. Strange as it may sound, I do
think I’ll miss the food here.
Sweet smile on her lips,
sake inside his belly –
Possibilities.